Монетарная политика и неравенство

Александр Александрович Раквиашвили
Университет Грузии, Тбилиси, Грузия, Адрес электронной почты защищен от спам-ботов. Для просмотра адреса в вашем браузере должен быть включен Javascript.

Journal of Institutional Studies (Журнал институциональных исследований), 2020, Том 12 (номер 4),

с. 6-17
DOI: 10.17835/2076-6297.2020.12.4.006-017

В статье сделан обзор исследований влияния монетарной политики на неравенство доходов и богатства. На основе анализа и систематизации статей, преимущественно написанных за последние 25–30 лет, а также различных работ руководителей ведущих центральных банков мира, выделены основные подходы оценки того, в какой мере действия ФРС ответственны за рост неравенства в США, начавшийся в 1970-х гг. Выявлено, что относительное единодушие экономистов в этом вопросе после кризиса 2007–2009 гг. сменилось значительным плюрализмом мнений, в том числе обусловленным активностью центральных банков и применением ими нестандартных подходов при проведении монетарной политики. Кроме того, определены те каналы, через которые действия центральных банков сказывается на распределении богатства в экономике. Всего было выделено пять таких каналов. Так, изменения в монетарной политике влияют на долговой рынок и структуру активов и обязательств домохозяйств, а домохозяйства с фиксированными доходами и с высокой склонностью использования наличных денег, в большей мере несут потери при смягчении монетарной политики. Наконец, обозревается относительно редко встречающийся в работах экономистов «эффект Кантильона», который приводит к росту богатства первых получателей эмитированных денег за счет тех, кто дальше всех от центра эмиссии. В статье приведены эмпирические свидетельства, почему этот эффект значим для американской экономики, и теоретические аргументы, указывающие, что учет эффекта Кантильона может добавить определенности в исследования как издержек монетарной политики, так и институциональных изменений, обусловленных ростом неравенства.

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Ключевые слова: монетарная политика; неравенство; центральный банк; эффект Кантильона; индекс Джини

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Издатель: ООО "Гуманитарные Перспективы"
Учредитель: ООО "Гуманитарные Перспективы"
Online-ISSN: 2412-6039 ISSN: 2076-6297